CEFR Levels and JLPT: Understanding Japanese-Language Proficiency in 2025

The Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) is a globally recognized examination for non-native Japanese speakers. From December 2025, JLPT score reports will include a reference CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) level, helping learners and institutions better understand language proficiency in an international context.

In this article, we will cover everything you need to know about CEFR levels, their relevance to JLPT scores, and how to use this reference to improve your Japanese language learning journey.

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What is CEFR?

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is the global benchmark for measuring language proficiency. Created by the Council of Europe, CEFR provides a clear and consistent way to assess how well someone can read, write, listen, and speak in a foreign language.

Used widely across Europe and around the world, CEFR helps learners, teachers, and employers understand language skills in a universal way. Its purpose is simple yet powerful: to create a common language for language learning, enabling people from different countries to measure, compare, and improve their language abilities with confidence.

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References & Useful Links

• Official JLPT Website
• Council of Europe – CEFR Manual
• CEFR Companion Volume 2020

CEFR Levels Explained

CEFR defines six main levels of language proficiency from beginner to advanced:

Key Point: CEFR is not limited to reading and writing; it also evaluates listening, speaking, and interaction skills.

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CEFR Levels in Relation to JLPT

Starting December 2025, JLPT score reports will feature a CEFR reference level, providing learners with an international benchmark for their Japanese proficiency. This reference links JLPT scores, from N5 to N1, to the CEFR scale (A1 to C1), making it easier to understand your language skills in a global context.

JLPT Levels and Their CEFR Correspondence

Note: The JLPT does not currently map to CEFR C2, as the highest reference level for JLPT scores is C1

Why CEFR Reference is Important for JLPT

The inclusion of a CEFR reference in JLPT score reports is a game-changer for both learners and institutions. Here’s why it’s so valuable:

•  International Recognition: Your JLPT results can now be easily compared with other language proficiency tests worldwide, making your skills universally understood.
•  Standardized Benchmark: CEFR provides a clear and consistent measure for employers, universities, and immigration offices to assess your Japanese ability.
•  Learning Guidance: By linking JLPT scores to CEFR levels, learners can set concrete, internationally recognized goals and track their progress effectively.
•  No Change to Exam Preparation: Don’t worry—your JLPT study plan remains the same. The CEFR reference simply adds a helpful layer of context without altering the test format or content.

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How JLPT Scores Are Linked to CEFR

The connection between JLPT scores and CEFR levels is based on a rigorous, research-backed methodology, ensuring that your results reflect internationally recognized language standards. Here’s how it works:

•  Reference Guidelines: The linking process follows the Council of Europe’s 2009 CEFR Manual, “Relating Language Examinations to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment.” This ensures that JLPT results are aligned with global language benchmarks.
•  Score Conversion: The total JLPT score is mapped to a corresponding CEFR level for candidates who pass, providing a clear snapshot of overall language proficiency.
•  Skills Covered: JLPT tests Language Knowledge (Vocabulary & Grammar), Reading, and Listening, which correspond to CEFR’s Linguistic and Reception skills. However, it does not evaluate Speaking or Writing, which are part of CEFR’s production and interaction domains.

This systematic approach allows learners and institutions to compare JLPT results with other CEFR-aligned assessments, making Japanese language proficiency globally understandable.

CEFR Levels for Each JLPT Level (Detailed)

Understanding how JLPT levels correspond to CEFR can help learners set clear goals and track their progress effectively. Here’s a detailed breakdown:

JLPT N5 → CEFR A1

• Grasp basic Japanese phrases and expressions.
• Can introduce themselves and handle simple daily interactions.
• Perfect for beginners taking their first steps in Japanese learning.

JLPT N4 → CEFR A2

• Can understand and use everyday Japanese in common situations.
• Able to discuss routine tasks and familiar topics with ease.
• Lays the foundation for more complex interactions at the B1 level.

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JLPT N3 → CEFR B1

• Handles daily conversations and can read intermediate-level texts.
• Learners can express opinions and navigate unfamiliar situations confidently.
• A total score of 104 points in N3 corresponds to CEFR B1, making it a key milestone for intermediate learners.

JLPT N2 → CEFR B2

• Demonstrates high-intermediate skills; can understand complex materials and discussions.
• Can interact with native speakers fluently and spontaneously.
• For those targeting B1-level equivalence, N2 scores up to 111 points also align with CEFR B1.

JLPT N1 → CEFR C1

• Shows advanced proficiency in reading, listening, and understanding academic or professional Japanese.
• Capable of communicating fluently and appropriately across varied professional and formal settings.

Stay updated with the JLPT July 2025 results and see how you performed.

Benefits of Knowing Your CEFR Level

Understanding your CEFR level alongside your JLPT score offers several practical advantages for learners and professionals alike:

•  Compare Language Proficiency Across Tests: CEFR provides a universal scale, making it easy to compare JLPT results with other Japanese language assessments worldwide.
•  University Admission: Many universities now recognize CEFR levels for course placement or admission, helping you plan your academic path with confidence.
•  Employment Opportunities: Employers can assess your Japanese skills more accurately using CEFR standards, giving you an edge in the job market.
•  Self-Assessment and Goal Setting: Knowing your CEFR level allows you to identify your current strengths and weaknesses, set realistic goals, and track progress effectively in your Japanese learning journey.

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FAQs on CEFR and JLPT

Q1: What is the indication of the CEFR level as a reference?
A: The CEFR reference links your JLPT total score to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) levels, ranging from A1 to C1, with C1 being the highest level. It provides a global benchmark for your Japanese proficiency.

Q2: What is the CEFR level? What levels are available?
A: CEFR defines six main language proficiency levels: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2, with C2 being the highest. The CEFR-CV (Companion Volume, 2020) also mentions Pre-A1 and “ ” levels (like A2 , B1 ), but JLPT only uses A1 to C1 for reference.

Q3: How does each JLPT level correspond to the CEFR level?
A: The correspondence is based on the total JLPT score, shown in "Figure 1: Correspondence of the JLPT Total Score (N5–N1) to the CEFR Level (A1–C1)." For example:

• N5 → A1
• N4 → A2
• N3 → B1
• N2 → B2
• N1 → C1

Q4: How was each JLPT level linked to CEFR?
A: The CEFR reference was developed using the Council of Europe’s 2009 CEFR Manual, “Relating Language Examinations to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment.” This methodology was further detailed in a 2024 Japanese report on linking JLPT scores to CEFR.

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Q5: Why is there no C2 level in JLPT CEFR reference?
A: Research shows that JLPT scores only correspond up to C1, so C2 is not applicable.

Q6: Is the CEFR reference shown for failed JLPT candidates?
A: No. The CEFR reference is only indicated for passing candidates.

Q7: Does CEFR reference include all skills – reading, listening, speaking, and writing?
A: No. JLPT covers Language Knowledge (Vocabulary & Grammar), Reading, and Listening, which correspond to CEFR’s Linguistic and Reception skills. Speaking and writing (CEFR production and interaction skills) are not included.

Q8: Can I see my CEFR level for each scoring section?
A: No. The CEFR reference is based on the total score, not individual sections.

Q9: Will score reports before July 2025 become invalid with the new CEFR reference?
A: No. Reports and certificates issued before December 2025 remain valid. CEFR levels are additional reference information only.

Q10: Which JLPT level corresponds to CEFR B1?
A: Both N3 (104 points) and N2 (up to 111 points) can correspond to CEFR B1, depending on your total score.

Q11: Are B1 levels in N3 and N2 considered the same?
A: Yes. According to CEFR, both represent the same B1 proficiency level.

Q12: Can I request a duplicated copy of my JLPT certificate with CEFR reference?
A: No. Duplicated copies for tests taken before July 2025 will not show CEFR levels. A “＊” will be indicated instead.

Q13: How can I use the CEFR reference?
A: CEFR allows JLPT results to be cross-referenced with other CEFR-aligned Japanese tests. For official recognition in schools, workplaces, or institutions, check with the organization using the results.

Q14: Should I change my JLPT preparation with the introduction of CEFR reference?
A: No. The test content and preparation methods remain unchanged; the CEFR reference is simply an additional guide.

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How to Prepare for JLPT with CEFR Reference

Even though the CEFR reference does not change the JLPT syllabus, it can serve as a valuable guide for setting goals and tracking progress. Here’s how to make the most of it:

•  Set CEFR-Aligned Goals: Decide your target CEFR level and map it to the corresponding JLPT level. For instance, if your goal is CEFR B1, aim for JLPT N3 with a total score of 104 points. This gives your study a clear and measurable target.
•  Focus on JLPT Skills: Concentrate on reading, listening, and grammar, as these are the areas directly assessed by the JLPT and correspond to CEFR’s linguistic and reception skills.
•  Use CEFR Benchmarks for Practice: Refer to CEFR language descriptors for your target level to understand what skills and language tasks you should master. This helps structure your study more effectively.
•  Track Your Progress: Regularly take JLPT practice tests and compare your scores with the CEFR benchmarks. This allows you to estimate your current level and adjust your study plan to reach your target.

By aligning your preparation with CEFR, you can study smarter, stay motivated, and measure your Japanese proficiency against an international standard.

Conclusion

The introduction of CEFR reference levels in JLPT score reports from December 2025 marks a major step toward international standardization of Japanese language proficiency. Whether you are a beginner aiming for A1, an intermediate learner targeting B1, or an advanced candidate striving for C1, the CEFR reference provides a clear, internationally recognized benchmark.

By understanding the CEFR-JLPT correspondence, learners can better plan their studies, measure progress, and showcase their skills globally.